Natural treatment systems (NTS) remove contaminants through a variety of processes. Principle mechanisms include sedimentation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilation by flora, and enhanced biodegradation. Other physical components include oxygen transfer at the air-water interface and solar radiation. The amount of BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) removed by an NTS is an indicator of its effectiveness. However, performance can vary with latitude, temperature, sunlight, and climatic conditions.
Eco-friendly
Eco-friendly natural treatment systems for wastewater can be very effective for removing a range of contaminants. Their efficacy depends largely on climatic conditions. In addition to removing contaminants, natural systems can also recycle wastewater from households. These systems are also cost-effective and require little electrical power.
Gravity based
Natural treatment systems are based on ecological principles, are cheap to build and operate, and reduce energy usage. This review presents the pros and cons of various natural treatment systems. Economic pressure and fast population growth in some developing countries are forcing the use of such methods to treat wastewater. These systems preserve biological communities.
Low cost
Natural treatment systems for wastewater are a cost-effective and simple option for the treatment of waste water. They do not require high-tech equipment, highly qualified personnel, or large amounts of land. Low temperatures, however, can make them less effective. Although these systems can be expensive, they are effective and reliable.
No or very little electrical energy
Energy neutrality is one of the most important issues to consider when choosing an effluent treatment system. The energy intensity of wastewater treated by natural treatment systems is influenced by the effluent quality and effluent standards, but there are also other important considerations. Achieving energy neutrality will require a good balance between energy requirements and effluent quality.
Plant based
Natural wastewater treatment systems use a combination of natural processes and materials to treat wastewater. These systems use microorganisms and aquatic plants in combination with natural substrates, solar energy, and oxygen to remove a variety of contaminates. These systems are efficient and low-cost. However, they require a substantial amount of space and land.
Helminth egg removal
Helminth egg removal from wastewater can be an effective strategy to prevent disease transmission from wastewater to humans. These parasites are often present in wastewater that is reused for agricultural purposes. Although this practice is popular in many countries, it can also cause problems for the environment, especially if untreated wastewater is used for irrigation. For example, if wastewater is not treated, it can cause infections in people who work in irrigated fields or consume vegetables grown on those fields. It is therefore vital to treat wastewater before reuse to avoid this risk.
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