Algorithms and datasets, machine learning and deep learning, cognitive computing, big-data, artificial intelligence, and cognitive computing: These are IT terms that have dominated 21st century healthcare. Medical professionals need to be familiar with AI basics and know what problems they are trying to solve. Let’s now take a closer look into machine learning and deep-learning in medicine.
The ante room of artificial intelligence
It is possible that the term “artificial Intelligence” may be misleading. This is because it has been used so much, that its meaning began to get exaggerated. It refers to software with cognition, sentience, which is a much more advanced technology than what it’s commonly used for. Facebook, for example, announced that it would use AI to detect suicide thoughts on its platform. However, closer inspection revealed that the AI detection was a pattern-matching filter which flagged posts for human community managers.
The field has seen a lot of progress in the past year. This was at least when the public first learned about new algorithms like text-to-image DALL–E and Midjourney and large language models such as ChatGPT or Google’s MedPaLM.
Despite their impressive algorithms, their cognitive abilities are still below that of the average human. This is artificial narrow intelligence (ANI). The most advanced areas of AI are computer vision, natural language processing, and computer vision.
ANI’s incredible ability to recognize patterns in large data sets is a key feature. This makes it ideal for solving text-, voice-, or image-based classification or clustering problems.
Sometimes, you can achieve great results even if you use less advanced techniques.
A small hospital in Hungary was able to reduce the waiting time for patients with oncology from 54 days to 21 days by optimizing patient management processes. Simple mechanisms like recording and following up cases were used to make this happen. Data analytics starts with recording the data correctly and then following-up as necessary. Data mining is a statistical method that allows you to collect, analyse, describe, visualise and draw inferences from data. This can be done using electronic health records, or the OMICS universe. The goal is to discover mathematical relationships within large data sets and quantify uncertainty. Data mining is the extraction of patterns and insights from large-scale databases.
This is just the beginning of artificial intelligence. Machine learning and deep learning are much more.
The world is ruled by pattern recognizers: measles and supervised machine learning
Machine learning is a field of computer science that allows computers to learn by themselves, without having to be programmed. It builds on data mining and computational statistics. Machine learning, like traditional statistics, requires adequate training datasets (also called sample size in traditional stats) and the right algorithms for optimizing its performance on the training data before it can be tested. Machine learning, however, is not based on traditional statistical methods. Instead, it is focused upon building automated decision systems.
There are many types of field: they can be unsupervised, supervised, semi-supervised, reinforcement learning or supervised. Many algorithms can be described as “hybrids”, such as ChatGPT, which was trained using reinforcement and supervised learning.
Supervised Learning is used for classifying problems, e.g. Pairing pictures with labels. The input and output data are the image and the label. The algorithm then learns general rules for categorising the images. This is the most common type of machine-learning in medicine. It will soon be used extensively in medical imaging, radiology, pathology and other image-intensive areas. It does have its limitations, however. To be accurate enough it needs large data sets and data must be properly labeled. Data annotators are crucial in this regard.
However, supervised machine-learning can be used to predict future health events using various input data that can be classified in a linear manner. An algorithm can be used to predict future measles outbreak hotspots using data such as statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on measles vaccinations and disease outbreaks.
Unsupervised Machine Learning and Drug Interactions
The unsupervised computer learning asks the computer program to find patterns and structures within the data. Unsupervised machine learning is not possible because the data sets aren’t labeled or structured. The algorithm must create its own groups, clusters and categories based upon “similarities” from large data sets. It’s used to predict unknown outcomes and discover hidden patterns. There are two types of unsupervised machine learning: the clustering algorithms, and the association rule-learning algorithm.
Midjourney’s text-to-image algorithm, which is a Generative Adversarial Network, (GAN), uses unsupervised learning. However, there is one twist to this: it has two algorithms that learn from each other in a zero sum game. This results in us, the users, getting better and more detailed images than those created by the AI.
Deep learning often uses unsupervised learning. It has been used in robots and self-driving cars, as well as in speech- and pattern recognition applications. Unsupervised learning can be used to cluster tissue samples based on similar gene expression levels. This is a common method in medicine. The testing of novel drug/drug interactions is an example of association rule learning algorithms.
Reinforcement learning with AlphaGo
Last, reinforcement Learning is probably the most well-known type of machine learning. This is when a computer program learns from past successes and mistakes and incorporates these lessons into its algorithm. AlphaGo is a well-known machine that Google developed and beat Lee Sedol, the World Go Champion in March 2016. The reward and penalty system allowed the model to first train on millions of board positions in the supervision learning stage. It then went through reinforcement learning to become proficient enough to defeat the top human player.
The problem with reinforcement learning in healthcare, particularly for optimising treatment, however, is that we can’t play out many scenarios where the agent makes interventions. Patients’ lives are at risk. This issue can be addressed, fortunately.
Researchers at MIT published a study that showed a method for calculating clinical trial doses as a reinforcement learning problem. The algorithm was able to determine the best dosing regimens to reduce tumor sizes in patients undergoing chemo and radiation therapy clinical trials.
Very complex problems can be solved by deep learning in medicine
Deep Learning is a subfield of machine-learning where computers learn using layered neural networks. There is no clear line between deep learning and machine learning. Usually, it’s the quality of the data and the difficulty of the problem that determine which one is most applicable. Deep learning algorithms are able to deal with messy data and unstructured information in order to answer difficult questions.
What are neural network? They mimic the behavior of neurons in the brain. Quartz explained the situation as follows: algorithms, which are built to model how the brain processes information through webs connected mathematic equations. The complexity of a neural network’s data is broken down into smaller pieces that can be analysed for patterns thousands to millions times. Deep neural networks are when one neural network’s output is fed into another and subsequently linked as layers. The layers of a deep network analyse data at higher abstraction levels, so they discard data that is not necessary until the most accurate and simple representation of the data.
There are many types of deep learning. They differ based on how layers are connected and the way ‘neurons act. Deep learning algorithms can also be used for reinforcement, supervised, and unsupervised learning. These are the types of data that researchers feed to the algorithm.
Convolutional neural networks (CNN), which are capable of working with dense data, are also useful for recognising images and video. Natural language processing is done by recurrent neural networks (RNN). Long-term memory networks, or LSTM, are used to store structured data based on data. An RNN can recognize all nouns and adjectives in a sentence, and determine if they are being used correctly. A LSTM can remember the plot of a book.
Researchers proposed a method to use continuous state-space models and deep reinforcementlearning to determine treatment policies for patients with septic conditions. This is an example of deep computing in medicine. Experts also attempted to solve the problem of estimating the size of polyps using colonoscopy photos or videos. This is critical for diagnosing colon cancer screening. Unsupervised deep learning can also be used to explore new factors or add risk factors to existing score systems. It can also be used for the classification of novel genotypes or phenotypes related to pulmonary hypertension, cardiomyopathy and other factors.
It is difficult to navigate the ocean of information on artificial intelligence. Everyone realized that AI technologies could revolutionize healthcare. However, there are many experiments and research as well as bogus information. The Medical Futurist aims to give you context to understand study results and help you to make sense the digital health revolution. For questions, comments, or simply a chat, please feel free to contact us. We would love to hear from your!
The Medical Futurist published the article Understanding Machine Learning and Deep Learning in Medicine.
Frequently Asked Questions
Why do people with cancer use alternative methods?
When trying to deal with their cancer, patients with the disease are often confronted with many obstacles. They may have lost all hope or feel helpless as there is nothing they can do. Patients may experience pain, nausea, fatigue, lack of appetite, loss of strength, etc.
A majority of conventional treatments are ineffective against cancer cells. Many cancer patients turn to complementary medicine for treatment. Studies have shown that half of all cancer patients have tried alternative treatments at least once.
Sometimes, cancer patients will choose complementary medicine to chemotherapy. This is because they believe it will be easier and more effective in managing side effects. They may also prefer it because it is less expensive.
Other reasons include the following:
Some patients believe that natural remedies can be used to prevent a repeat.
Many believe natural remedies can improve quality of life.
Others believe that natural remedies may reduce the chance of getting cancer.
People concerned about possible side effects of chemotherapy use natural remedies as first-line therapy.
What are the 5 Alternative medical systems?
These five alternative medicine systems are Ayurveda (acupuncture), Ayurveda (homeopathy), energy healing, aromatherapy, and homeopathy.
Acupuncture uses fine needles inserted into specific points on the body to stimulate the flow of qi (energy) throughout the entire body.
Ayurvedic Medicine is an ancient system of health care based on balancing the three humors – air, fire, and water. It can be used to help with diet, exercise, herbs, massage, and meditation.
Homeopathic Medicine derives its name from the Greek homoios which means similarity and pathos which denotes disease. Homeopaths believe that every disease has natural causes. However, symptoms are not the only thing that can be caused. Homeopaths treat patients by prescribing small amounts of substances that produce similar symptoms to the ones experienced when the patient is sick.
Energy Healing can also be known by the names Reiki, EFT Rolfing and Therapeutic Touch. This therapy draws on the belief that we are each connected to a universal life force called Ki. Feeling well is possible when the Ki flows freely through you. Energy healers use touch, intention, and touch to restore harmony between our physical and emotional, as well as spiritual selves.
Aromatherapy uses essential oils extracted from plants for therapeutic purposes. Aromatherapists believe that certain smells can alter mood and behavior. Lavender essential oil is used most often in aromatherapy.
Why is alternative medicine important?
Alternative medicines are very popular because they’re often cheaper and better for you than traditional treatments. Patients have sometimes died after receiving these treatments. This could be due to allergic reactions or side effects. It’s also possible that certain alternative therapies may not help at all.
In addition, alternative medicines can be dangerous if you don’t know enough about them to choose the right ones. For example, vitamin supplements aren’t regulated like pharmaceuticals, so it’s easy to overdose on vitamins. Other remedies, however, can be toxic.
Can a holistic doctor write prescriptions?
Holistic medicine is based around the assumption that all diseases are caused and exacerbated by a combination many factors. These include diet, lifestyles, stress levels, emotional state, genetics, environmental problems, stress, stress, and other health-related concerns.
When prescribing medication, a holistic approach is required to treat patients.
Understanding how each factor affects patients is essential for a physician to be able understand modern science as well as traditional methods such homeopathy and herbs.
Many doctors are now certified in complementary and alternate medicine (C&A). This allows them to offer a full range of services to their patients.
Statistics
- These studies found that 38.4% concluded positive or possibly positive effects for CAM (12.4%), 4.8% concluded no effect, 0.7% concluded harmful effects, and 56.6% concluded insufficient evidence. (en.wikipedia.org)
- An assessment of conventional treatments found that 41.3% concluded positive or possibly positive effects, 20% concluded no effect, 8.1% concluded net harmful effects, and 21.3% concluded insufficient evidence. (en.wikipedia.org)
- In the 17% in which they disagreed, a third reader agreed with one of the initial readers to set a rating. (en.wikipedia.org)
- A 15-year systematic review published in 2022 on the global acceptance and use of CAM among medical specialists found the overall acceptance of CAM at 52% and the overall use at 45%. (en.wikipedia.org)
- The concept of regression toward the mean implies that an extreme result is more likely to be followed by a less extreme result. (en.wikipedia.org)
External Links
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- PubMed: The Rise and Rise of Complementary and Alternative Medicine: A Sociological Perspective – PubMed
- PubMed: Holistic medicine.
liebertpub.com
cam.cancer.gov
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- BIOFEEDBACK TRAINING, TENSION-TYPEHEADACHE – PubMed
- The Effect of Foot Reflexology on Hospital Anxiety and Depression in Female Older Adults: a Randomized Controlled Trial – PubMed
How To
How do I deal with my girlfriend who trusts alternative medicine?
You can find advice on the internet for people who are caring for someone with mental illness. But there is little information out there to help when it comes to dealing with someone who believes in alternative medicine.
There appears to be a significant divide between the groups. There are two types of people: those who doubt conventional medicine and those who are open to its benefits.
What happens if someone you know believes in alternative therapies for mental health issues.
Because you don’t know where to start, you may feel confused and frustrated. So what do you say to your partner when he tells you he wants to go to an acupuncturist instead of his doctor? Or when she suggests she would rather eat glutenfree than take antidepressants.
It is important to ask questions. Asking them early on could save a lot of heartaches later on.
These are difficult questions to ask without offending the patient. What if he tells you that he doesn’t trust doctors? Do you tell him he shouldn’t trust anyone?
Or what if she says that she thinks that antidepressants aren’t working? You can correct her.
Here’s where things can get complicated. If you point out her error, it could cause you to upset her further.
Alternativly, you might suggest that she sees an psychiatrist. This may cause more problems than it solves. You might be angry with her for suggesting it. Then again, she may think you’re trying to control her life.
So what do you need to do?
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This blog is a source of general information and discussion on health and related topics. Information and materials on this blog, on the website, or in any of the connected materials are not intended to replace or used as a substitute for the advice of a medical professional, diagnosis, or treatment. This blog does not represent the application of any nursing, medical or other health professional advice or diagnosis. We are unable to diagnose health conditions, offer second opinions or provide specific treatment recommendations via this blog or on our website.
If you or another person is suffering from a medical issue and you are concerned, consult your doctor or seek out other medical professional treatment as soon as possible. Do not disregard medical advice from a professional or delay seeking it due to information you seen on the blog or website or in any of the linked materials. If you’re experiencing an emergency medical situation, dial 911 or seek emergency medical assistance on the closest phone immediately.
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By: berci.mesko
Title: Understanding Machine Learning And Deep Learning In Medicine
Sourced From: medicalfuturist.com/machine-learning-and-deep-learning-in-medicine
Published Date: Thu, 26 Jan 2023 09:00:00 +0000
Frequently Asked Questions
Why do people with cancer use alternative methods?
When trying to deal with their cancer, patients with the disease are often confronted with many obstacles. They may have lost all hope or feel helpless as there is nothing they can do. Patients may experience pain, nausea, fatigue, lack of appetite, loss of strength, etc.
A majority of conventional treatments are ineffective against cancer cells. Many cancer patients turn to complementary medicine for treatment. Studies have shown that half of all cancer patients have tried alternative treatments at least once.
Sometimes, cancer patients will choose complementary medicine to chemotherapy. This is because they believe it will be easier and more effective in managing side effects. They may also prefer it because it is less expensive.
Other reasons include the following:
Some patients believe that natural remedies can be used to prevent a repeat.
Many believe natural remedies can improve quality of life.
Others believe that natural remedies may reduce the chance of getting cancer.
People concerned about possible side effects of chemotherapy use natural remedies as first-line therapy.
What are the 5 Alternative medical systems?
These five alternative medicine systems are Ayurveda (acupuncture), Ayurveda (homeopathy), energy healing, aromatherapy, and homeopathy.
Acupuncture uses fine needles inserted into specific points on the body to stimulate the flow of qi (energy) throughout the entire body.
Ayurvedic Medicine is an ancient system of health care based on balancing the three humors – air, fire, and water. It can be used to help with diet, exercise, herbs, massage, and meditation.
Homeopathic Medicine derives its name from the Greek homoios which means similarity and pathos which denotes disease. Homeopaths believe that every disease has natural causes. However, symptoms are not the only thing that can be caused. Homeopaths treat patients by prescribing small amounts of substances that produce similar symptoms to the ones experienced when the patient is sick.
Energy Healing can also be known by the names Reiki, EFT Rolfing and Therapeutic Touch. This therapy draws on the belief that we are each connected to a universal life force called Ki. Feeling well is possible when the Ki flows freely through you. Energy healers use touch, intention, and touch to restore harmony between our physical and emotional, as well as spiritual selves.
Aromatherapy uses essential oils extracted from plants for therapeutic purposes. Aromatherapists believe that certain smells can alter mood and behavior. Lavender essential oil is used most often in aromatherapy.
Why is alternative medicine important?
Alternative medicines are very popular because they’re often cheaper and better for you than traditional treatments. Patients have sometimes died after receiving these treatments. This could be due to allergic reactions or side effects. It’s also possible that certain alternative therapies may not help at all.
In addition, alternative medicines can be dangerous if you don’t know enough about them to choose the right ones. For example, vitamin supplements aren’t regulated like pharmaceuticals, so it’s easy to overdose on vitamins. Other remedies, however, can be toxic.
Can a holistic doctor write prescriptions?
Holistic medicine is based around the assumption that all diseases are caused and exacerbated by a combination many factors. These include diet, lifestyles, stress levels, emotional state, genetics, environmental problems, stress, stress, and other health-related concerns.
When prescribing medication, a holistic approach is required to treat patients.
Understanding how each factor affects patients is essential for a physician to be able understand modern science as well as traditional methods such homeopathy and herbs.
Many doctors are now certified in complementary and alternate medicine (C&A). This allows them to offer a full range of services to their patients.
Statistics
- These studies found that 38.4% concluded positive or possibly positive effects for CAM (12.4%), 4.8% concluded no effect, 0.7% concluded harmful effects, and 56.6% concluded insufficient evidence. (en.wikipedia.org)
- An assessment of conventional treatments found that 41.3% concluded positive or possibly positive effects, 20% concluded no effect, 8.1% concluded net harmful effects, and 21.3% concluded insufficient evidence. (en.wikipedia.org)
- In the 17% in which they disagreed, a third reader agreed with one of the initial readers to set a rating. (en.wikipedia.org)
- A 15-year systematic review published in 2022 on the global acceptance and use of CAM among medical specialists found the overall acceptance of CAM at 52% and the overall use at 45%. (en.wikipedia.org)
- The concept of regression toward the mean implies that an extreme result is more likely to be followed by a less extreme result. (en.wikipedia.org)
External Links
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- PubMed: The Rise and Rise of Complementary and Alternative Medicine: A Sociological Perspective – PubMed
- PubMed: Holistic medicine.
liebertpub.com
cam.cancer.gov
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- BIOFEEDBACK TRAINING, TENSION-TYPEHEADACHE – PubMed
- The Effect of Foot Reflexology on Hospital Anxiety and Depression in Female Older Adults: a Randomized Controlled Trial – PubMed
How To
How do I deal with my girlfriend who trusts alternative medicine?
You can find advice on the internet for people who are caring for someone with mental illness. But there is little information out there to help when it comes to dealing with someone who believes in alternative medicine.
There appears to be a significant divide between the groups. There are two types of people: those who doubt conventional medicine and those who are open to its benefits.
What happens if someone you know believes in alternative therapies for mental health issues.
Because you don’t know where to start, you may feel confused and frustrated. So what do you say to your partner when he tells you he wants to go to an acupuncturist instead of his doctor? Or when she suggests she would rather eat glutenfree than take antidepressants.
It is important to ask questions. Asking them early on could save a lot of heartaches later on.
These are difficult questions to ask without offending the patient. What if he tells you that he doesn’t trust doctors? Do you tell him he shouldn’t trust anyone?
Or what if she says that she thinks that antidepressants aren’t working? You can correct her.
Here’s where things can get complicated. If you point out her error, it could cause you to upset her further.
Alternativly, you might suggest that she sees an psychiatrist. This may cause more problems than it solves. You might be angry with her for suggesting it. Then again, she may think you’re trying to control her life.
So what do you need to do?
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